All of the four men in this blog embarked from Folkestone during the First World War. Each little biography dates from a different year. There is one from each year soldiers embarked from Folkestone. The only other connection is the month of April.
William Holland may have been the first soldier who embarked from Folkestone to die on the Western Front.
No. 2245 Private William Holland
Killed in Action 8th April 1915
The entry for the 8th April 1915 in the 1st Buckinghamshire, Battalion Oxford shire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, gives the location of it’s companies undergoing training by 12th Brigade 4th Division. A company is undergoing instruction, that night, by the 2nd Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers. B Company, by the 2nd Battalion the Monmouthshire Regiment. C Company by the 2nd Battalion the Essex Regiment. D Company by the 1st Battalion the King’s Own (Lancashire) Regiment in billets and the Royal Engineers in the rear trenches. One man, in D Company, is recorded as being wounded and dying later of his wounds.
There is only one man from the 1st/1st Buckinghamshire Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry recorded by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission as dying that day. He is Private William Holland. William Holland is also thought to be the first soldier who crossed from Folkestone to die on the Western Front in the Great War.. He was the son of Charles and Ann Jemima Holland of 13 Chicheley Street Newport Pagnell Buckinghamshire. Private William Holland is buried in strand Military Cemetery, south of Leper (Ypres), and commemorated on the Newport Pagnell War Memorial. He was awarded the 1914 Star, British War Medal, and the Victory Medal.
Embarked at Folkestone on the 10th April 1916.
Private 27752 James Grant, Royal Scots. James was born at 13 South Street, Grantown-on-Spey, on the 17th June 1886. He worked as a mason. He enlisted on the 7th January 1916. James was part of 15th Reinforcements for the 11th Battalion Royal Scots. While at 9 Infantry Base Depot he is awarded 14 days Field Punishment No.1 and forfeits two days pay for being absent from draft. Joins the (11th?) battalion in the field on the 20th May. Under arrest from the 16th September to the 1st October. He is sentence to two years Hard Labour for using insubordinate language to a superior officer and striking a person in whose custody he was. placed. Sentence suspended by General Officer Commanding 4th Army on the 13th October.. Admitted to 45 casualty Clearing Station on the 18th October with pyrexia of unknown origin. Because of this he is transferred back to England in November. He returns to France in April 1917 as part of the 67th Reinforcement draft to the 2nd Battalion Royal Scots. 3rd May he is wounded in action. Under arrest from 25th August to the 3rd September. On the 4th, he is tried by Field General Courts Martial for a Civil Offence. “That is to say, shooting with intent to do grievous bodily harm feloniously unlawfully discharging a loaded rifle.” He is sentenced to two years Hard Labour. Taken to Prison on the 30th. On the 24th September 1918 he is released and rejoins his battalion. The balance of his sentence suspended. Wounded in action a few days later on the 28th. James the son of William and Jane Grant died of wounds on the 18th October 1918. He is buried at Les Baraques Military Cemetery, Sangatte, Pas de Calais, France. His death was reported in the Strathspey Herald on the 24th October 1918. (as reproduced in Poppies from the Heart of Strathspey)
“Died of Wounds”
“ Mr Wm Grant, mason, South Street, is mourning the loss of another member of his family, his eldest son James, who was in the Royal Scots, having succumbed to wounds. A brother was previously killed in action, another was recently discharged from the Army and the youngest son serving in the Navy. Mr Grant’s son-in-law, Private W. Little, Canadians is reportedly killed in action.”
Embarked on April 5th 1917
Private 2893 Robert Alexander Gamble, Australian Imperial Force. Part of 7th Reinforcements 60th Battalion. Joined 5th Australian Division Base Depot at Etaples on the 7th. Taken on strength 60 Battalion in the Field on the 15th, Born in Washington, USA. Roberts parents are Alexander John and Margaret Jane Gamble, of “Ellersley,” Queen St., Concord West, Sydney, Australia. He is regarded as a Native of Inverell in New South Wales. He enlists on the 25th September 1916. Robert embarks from Sydney on the A19 “Afric” on the 3rd November 1916. Arriving at Plymouth England on the 9th January 1917 and joins the 15th Training Battalion at Hurdcott. While on board ship he is charged with stealing bread and given 7 Days detention. Shortly after joining the 15th Training Battalion he hesitates to obey an order from a NCO and forfeits 4 days pay. After joining the 60th Battalion in July 1917, Robert attend a Pigeon Course for three days. He is wounded in the left leg and right arm on the 25th September and dies of wounds on the 26th. Robert Alexander Gamble is buried at Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Belgium. The epitaph on his gravestone reads.
“GOD BE WITH YOU TILL WE MEET AGAIN THY WILL BE DONE”
Embarked 5th April 1918.
Charles Edward Ibbetson
West Yorkshire Regiment
Charles Edward Ibbetson attested just before his 18th birthday on the 7th August 1917. At first he is posted to the reserves and not mobilised until the 13th September 1917. arriving at the 6th Young soldier Battalion at Rugely. On his Army Form B 103 this is recorded as “Posted to 6th T.R.B. Rugely” At Brocton he is transferred to the 51st Graduated Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, on the 11th February 1918. He is posted to France and embarks from Folkestone on the 5th April 1918. His first week in France is at “E” Infantry Brigade Depot, Etaples. Posted to the 8th Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment he joins them in the Field on the 13th. On the 28th July Charles is wounded in action, a Shot Gun Wound to the right thigh. At first he is admitted to 48 Casualty Clearing Station From there he is sent to 8 General Hospital and on the 17th August back to England. Charles Edward Ibbetson is discharged as “No Longer Physically Fit for War Service” on the 28th February 1919.
This is a repost. The Grass was slightly greener than it is today. The nine all have connections to the USA and are all listed in “The Foreign Burial of American War Dead” By Chris Dickon, I only received a copy of the publication after I had posted the original blog.
Much has been written about the Canadian connection with Folkestone during the Great War. the connection is still commemorated every year on the 1st of July in a touching ceremony at Shorncliffe Military Cemetery. The Shorncliffe Trust is also doing sterling work promoting the links between Shorncliffe and Canada.
The links with Canada’s southern neighbour are rarely mentioned. Indeed it is difficult to find any acknowledgement that there was an American connection.
John, “Black Jack” Pershing the Commander of the American Expeditionary Force, (A.E.F.) traveled through Folkestone on his way to France. Also remembered for not saying “Lafayette we are here”. With him was Charles Stanton, chiefly not remembered for his famous remark, “Nous voila, Lafayette“.
Americans also stayed at No.3 Rest Camp on the Leas before marching down Slope Road to the harbour and the ships waiting to take them to France. Two soldiers from the United states 11th Engineering Regiment (Railways) who were to become the first casualties from the A.E.F. were at the rest camp on the Leas. There is also another almost forgotten connection with the United States.
The United States is well known for the respect Americans pay to their war dead. American Great War Cemeteries are impressive places. They are very proud of the role their soldiers played. Yet there is a lost almost forgotten army of American dead. Those that fought in other nations uniforms. They are buried in cemeteries all over the world and ignored by Americans. For some the connection to the United States begs the question of, how do we define nationality, and does it matter? Others there is no doubt of their nationality. These are the Folkestone/Shorncliffe dead with an American connection. All are buried in Shorncliffe Military Cemetery, all are listed in The Foreign Burial of American War Dead by Chris Dickon.
James Desmond McNulty Born in Valley City, North Dakota. killed in the Air Raid 25th May 1917
John Lucius Rumsdell The husband of Letitia M Ramsdell, Brooklyn New York.
George Bates
Son of Norman and Sally Bates of Arkansas. Served in Mexico, presumably with the US Army. Married and lived with his wife in Vancouver. After his enlistment his wife moved to North Wales.
David Gordon, died of wounds received in France.
Born in Belfast, he was the son of James Gordon of 1 Bunker Hill Court, Charleston, West Virginia.
Ottawa Gladman
Born in Canada, and lived in Chicago. Died of Meningitis.
Charley Hanson
Born in Norway, lived in Saskatchewan, married to Caroline Hanson of Fairchild Wisconsin, USA. Dad to six children. Charley had arrived in England on the SS Scandinavian. on the 5th February 1917. He died from illness.
David Gray
Married to Annie Gray of Detroit, Michigan. Wounded on the Somme, he died at Manor Court Hospital, Folkestone.
Bert Arbuckle
Born in Indiana. Injured in the air raid on the 25th May 1917, he died of wounds the next day.
George Wheeler Armstrong.An American Eagle of the First World War. lots of references to the Americans who flew in the Lafayette Escadrille, few for those who flew with the RAF during the war. Born in the US Virgin Islands. Died in an accident while flying a Bristol F2b.
All nine were fighting for Britain, and it is only important to remember that, and them. When push comes to shove, and you need a helping hand, where people are from doesn’t matter one iota.
I will be writing up a little bit of research on the New Zealanders buried in the cemetery today. First, though I would be interested in how people define “Nationality”. Is it the uniform they wear? Where they are born. Did they swim in British waters like fish, or something completely different?
This is the grave of John Randal Fraser. He died on the 11th of June 1920. Well within the remit of CWGC graves. He first served in the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. After being placed on the retirement list. He served in the Beaconsfield Town Guard. During the Siege of Kimberley, in the Second Boer War. He is mentioned in dispatches. In April 1917 he was made Honorary Lieutenant Colonel of the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. He is commemorated on the CWGC Register. The place of Commemoration is given as Golders Green. Every Record I can find, but two, also gives his last resting place as Golders Green. This one, written on stone, and his burial record. It is very rare for the CWGC to make an error. This is only the second one I have found. Hoping to persuade the CWGC to correct their records before the 11th of November.
The names of the first Canadians buried in Shorncliffe Military Cemetery are known, Circa 1858.
Training Area “A is now known.
So are the Units that Trained there.
The routes that the soldiers took to the training areas are known. Two of the sites, Tolsford Hill and a site at Elham are know to have remains of trenches and or fieldworks used by the Canadians.
Three areas where the Canadians dug trenches can now be identified.
Three of the names of three soldiers clubs are known
Requested some digital help
Decided Private Christian will be one of the four Canadians who served at Folkestone and survived the First World War will be mentioned in the guide.
Suggestions with the names of others are welcome and liable to be ignored.
The rough guide to the Canadians is now a mere 98 sides of A4. Not long before it has to be finished. Perhaps I should edit it. The rough guide is for the use of two people including me. Includes where they were based in the Garrison area, surviving buildings Where they trained, where they dug trenches. A few “Who’s Who” More burials than are listed on the CWGC Website.
Here are a few little bits of information about those who embarked. Chaucer 600 years ago told us what they looked like and what they did. A lover and a lively bachelor,
With locks curled as if they had been laid in a curler.
He was twenty years of age, I guess.
Of his stature he was of moderate height,
And wonderfully agile, and of great strength.
And he had been for a time on a cavalry expedition
In Flanders, in Artois, and Picardy,
(Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer) Quite a few people who should be better known embarked from Folkestone in 1914. Flora Sands, L.J. Austin F.R.C.S. with one of the first Belgium red Cross Units, Clarence V. Mitchell who published a book about his experiences, Richard Norton American Red Cross, Glennis Biglow who wrote a book. Doctor Rose, Colin Heerle and, Ernest Percy Bicknell of The Rockefeller Foundation These embarked before Folkestone became a Military Port. Folkestone achieved the status of a Military Port at the end of March 1915. The first British units, HQ 48th Division
Head Quarters 145 Brigade (1/1st South Midland Brigade)
1/5th Battalion The Gloucestershire Regiment, Territorial Force Part of South Midland Brigade in (South Midland) 48th Division. The battalion sailed on the S.S.Invicta. They embarked at Folkestone at 9 pm. They arrived at Boulogne at 10.15 pm.
1/4th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, Territorial Force. Part of the South Midland Brigade, 48th (South Midland) Division. The battalion sailed on the S.S. Onward, embarking at 11 pm. they arrived in Boulogne at 2.50 am. on 30th March. However, a group of service men, approximately 100 in number, embarked from Folkestone on the 15th of February 1915. They were bound for Flushing in the Netherlands. A Prisoner of War exchange had been arranged. These servicemen were seriously wounded and or incapacitated German Servicemen who were due to be exchanged for their British equivalents.
This is a work in progress. No guarantees about the roads, how safe any walking is anything, including how aromatic the sea is. It is entirely at your own risk. Also check a map first.
Canadian Infantry arrived in Shorncliffe Garrison at West Sandling Station.
From there they marched along West Sandling Road to their Camps. The Where West Sandling Road meets the A20 turn right. The field on the Right is where one of the Barracks was situated. On the first Route March for the 19th Battalion, they marched from their Barracks to Beachborough Park. Follow the A20 heading to Folkestone to the Roundabout and take the first exit to Etchinghill. The House is on the left-hand side down a private road just before Etchinghill. Beachborough was later to become the Canadian V.A. D. Hospital.
Before you reach the Roundabout, you will, pass a cottage, just after this cottage on the left is Blue House Lane. Then also on the left is another cottage. This might have been a Canadian Post Office in WW1. To the right of the cottage is the site of another camp. We know this from OS Maps from the 1920s. On the right is another lane. Known as “Sandy Lane” If you stop here, you will see a small Memorial to the units that were based here and socialised in the club that was also here during the war. Looking to the north and the ridge you can see a concrete radio tower. To the left of the tower is the area Canadians Dug trenches. The remains of trenches can still be seen, once you get your eyes adjusted. A good web site for more information is, https://www.saltwoodkent.co.uk/ww1-sandling-camps. Although I would go up to the tower via Westfield Lane in Etchinghill. and keep the tower on my right walk to the training area from there. Stopping at the triangulation point just for the view.
Also at Etchinghill on the righthand side after Westfield lane is the gable end of a chapel. This is the only surviving part of the Canadian V.D. Hospital. Sometimes referred to as ” Etchighill Convalescent Hospital”. This hospital is one of the reasons we know Canadians enjoyed their stay in this part of Kent.
Back to the roundabout. From the Camps the Canadians marched to Folkestone harbour along Cheriton High Street. Taking the Cheriton/Folkestone exit. (First Exit from the Etchinghill direction, Straight on from the Camps we can joined the High Stret just after crossing over the M20, head for Folkestone. We are now back on the route the Canadians took. At the traffic lights turn right down Risborough Lane This joins on to the Military Road. Keep on this road until you reach Sandgate, turn left. For a short distance we leave the direct route the Canadians took. Turn right down Lister road and left on to the Riviera and along Radnor Cliff to the Lower Sandgate Road. It is walking from here. Honest it is not that far and there are places you can sit and if the cafe is open get some refreshment. Wal along Lower Sandgate Road past the Leas Lift to Marine Cresent. The door you can see at this end of the Cresent was the entrance to the Canadian Officers Rest Camp. The main part of the Cresent was the Canadian Soldiers Rest Camp. Walk along Marine Parade to the Harbour where the Canadians embarked.
Two options from the Harbour. Walk back along Lower Sandgate Road to your car. or up through the town to the bus station and take the bus back to Sandgate. (I’d rather the walk)
The following are just a few of the Canadians buried at Shorncliffe.
The first two’s graves are now lost. There are over 300 Canadian graves from the FWW, a few from WW2 so it is not possible to list them all here.
William Whitehead, age 18. 100th Regiment (Canadians) buried in Grave number 59 on the 1st December 1858. Burial Ceremony performed by Reverend J. D’arcy Preston, Assistant Chaplin to the Forces.
Private George Milliner, 100th Regiment Royal Canadians, age 18. Buried in Grave Number 76 on the 12th May 1859. Dudley Somerville, Chaplin performed the burial ceremony.
40729 Driver George West, 3rd Brigade Canadian Field Artillery. Born in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, England on the 16th December 1878. Enlisted at Valcartier, Canada, on the 12th August 1914. Killed in motor bus accident on the 2nd April 1915 age 48. On his death certificate it states, “Injuries caused by being accidentally knocked down by a motor bus in Harbour Street Folkestone on the 2nd April 1915. Died at the Vitoria Hospital, Folkstone, the same day.”
Private 74332 Peter Joseph Gorman, 28th Battalion Canadian Infantry. Son of Maurice and Mary Gorman, of New Zealand. Died 5th July 1915 at the Beven Military Hospital, Sandgate. age 38. Death being caused by shock from the injuries received when he was knocked over by a bus on Sandgate esplanade on the 4th.
Private 22704 Joseph Addison, 12th Reserve Battalion Canadian Infantry. The husband of Maud. He served in the South African War. Died of delirium tremens, (Alcoholic withdrawal) on the 7th August 1915.
Private 74308 Joseph Howard, 28th Battalion Canadian Infantry. Born in London, Drowned at Folkestone, on the 30th September 1915. (CWGC website gives the date as 1st October) He was suffering from Tertiary Syphilis. Reported absent without leave on the 21st September. Howard’s father had died in a shipwreck.
Gunner 86676 Charles Gordon Peterkin, 2nd Reserve Battery, 8th Howitzer Brigade. Canadian Expeditionary Force. Born in Barbados he attested in Saskatchewan, Canada. Peterkin’s mother lived at Kendal Street, Barbados in the West Indies. Peterkin’s had serve for three years in the Barbados Volunteers. Killed by bombs from a Zeppelin on the 13th October 1915, age 27, during the raid on Otterpool Camp.
Sergeant 473027 William Ringrose Clarke, 65th Battalion Canadian Infantry. Volunteer Long Service Medal. Son of Philip and Anne Clarke, of Sandbach; husband of H. Clarke, of Nelson Place, Hayfield, Stockport, Cheshire, England. He broke his back when he fell of a Martello Tower into the moat on the 15th October 1915. Died from his injury on the 23rd October 1915, age 56.
111538 Trooper Frederick Malcolm McDonald age 20, 6th Canadian Mounted Rifles. Son of Jacob A. and Gertrude MacDonald. Killed by lightning on the 30th July 1915 during a violent thunderstorm.
Private 408560 Antime Godin, Canadian Pioneers. Born in Curry, New Brunswick, Canada. Died on the 20th April 1916. Committed suicide while of unsound mind. He had Complained about not being sent to the front. Shot himself in the head with a rifle. (Folkestone, Hythe, Sandgate & Cheriton Herald 29/04/1916))
Richard W Windle Age 3 months, and his mother Mrs Norah Windle age 36. Both were burned to death on the 30th November 1916. The wife and child of Corporal Arthur Windle of the Canadian Army Service Corps. Both had burned to death in the house they were staying in at Warren Close in Folkestone. Their landlady found Mrs Windle lying with her head on the fire and a shawl wrapped around her baby on fire. Mrs Windle was already dead. Her baby Richard died in hospital. They were buried according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. (Folkestone, Hythe, Sandgate, & Cheriton Herald.) Corporal Windle remarried in 1918. He survived the war and died in 1933.
William West Orr Died 29th December 1916 age 9 days. Son of Captain Harrold Orr, Canadian Army Medical Corps and Margaret West Orr. Captain Orr performed valuable war work which was brought to the attention of the war office in February 1917. Awarded the Military O B E, Gazetted on the 1st January 1919. Awarded the Medaille Des Epedemics by the President of the French Republic and Mentioned in Despatches by the Commander in Chief of the British Armies in France 31st December 1918. Orr was promoted to Major in March 1918. (Harold Orr’s Service Record) The inscription on his rave reads “‘In memory of William West Infant son of Capt H Orr CAMC. And Margaret Orr. Died Dec 29th 1916 Aged 5 days”
Francis Henry Considine, 5 years and 6 months old. A victim of the Folkestone Air Raid.
Since the cemetery open children of soldiers have been buried there. I think it was KG V who said the graves of British soldiers encircle the Globe. He might have added the graves of the children of British soldiers encircle the Globe too.
One of the earliest recorded child burials in Shorncliffe is of William Henry Richardson, age 1 month. Buried on the 7th February 1857, No.14 in the Burial Register. Another child who died in February, Alison Patricia Carstairs Died 9th February 1965. 4 days old.
Wandering around the graves there are the graves of more than a few suicides. There is Corporal Benjamin Ginn. 17th Lancers. Committed Suicide, he shot himself with a Martini-Henry Carbine in one of the stores at Shorncliffe, on the 28th February 1891. Ginn had served for 24 years in the Regiment.
Troop Sergeant Major Adcock. 1st King’s Dragoon Guards age 45. Committed Suicide on the 15th February 1892.
Private Stanley Philip Age 20. 1st Battalion Sherwood Foresters. Found shot at the back of the drill shed. He was found face down with a rifle 4 feet away from him, on the 20th February 1932.
Bombardier 120367 S Stickells, 35 Anti Aircraft Company, Royal Garrison Artillery. Lived at 35 Invicta Road, Folkestone. Committed suicide on the 28th February 1920,
and many others
The reasons soldiers commit suicide vary. In Victorian times Money, or rather the lack of, was a cause of Officer Suicide and in Other Ranks Drink and women. During the First World War one soldier buried in the cemetery, committed suicide because the Army decided he was unsuitable for Frontline service.
Accidents are another cause of death for many of the soldiers buried in the Cemetery. Lncluding William Frederick Jones. 115th Battery Royal Field Artillery, age 21. Died when on the 2nd February he fell from a gun carriage and a wheel ran over his back.
Private 34588 Arthur Burbridge, Canadian Army Medical Corps. No.2 Canadian General Hospital. Born Kensington, London, England. Son of Arthur and Elizabeth Burbidge, of 416, 15th Avenue North East, Calgary, Alberta. Served in France. He was run over and killed by a motor omnibus in Sandgate at 4:15 pm on the 15th February 1916 age 20.
and on the
24th February 1941.
6 Soldiers from The Queens Royal Regiment (West Surry) Killed when someone stood on a mine. At (Hythe Beach?) The soldiers were being shown around the mine field there.
There are also Old Soldiers including Mr Robert Partridge age 65. Buried on the 28th February 1914 the coffin was carried on a gun carriage supplied by the Officer Commanding Royal Artillery. Mr Partridge was an Army Veteran. He had enlisted in the 35th in 1869. Transferred to the East Surrey Regiment he served with them throughout the Afghan Campaign (1878-80) and the Egyptian Campaign (1885). Awarded the Afghan Medal, a medal for the Egyptian Campaign, the Khedive’s Star, and he was also awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal.
Apart from Britain and Canada other countries have people who died in February, buried in the cemetery, these include:
Very rarely do I update my Embarkations from Folkestone, but I did today. Hard to believe it runs to 194670 words. The updated entry is for Richard Norton.
L.J. Austin F.R.C.S. Embarked with the first Belgian unit of the British Red Cross. The unit consisted of 10 Surgeons, 10 Dressers, and 20 nurses.4
7th October 1914
Clarence V. Mitchell an American who went to France to be a volunteer Ambulance Driver.He wrote, “With a Military Ambulance in France,” which is a collection of letters he sent to his parents. Crossed to France on the S.S. Sussex.
20th October 1914
Richard Norton5 Founder of the American Volunteer Motor-Ambulance Corps, also known as the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps, and Director, American Red Cross Ambulances (Norton-Harjes Sections) Died from meningitis in Paris 2nd August 1918. Awarded the Croi de Guerre and the Legion of Honour.6
Monday 9th November 1914.
Glenna Lindsey Bigelow , an American who was living near Liege Belgium. Embarking for Calais. Glenna worked as a nurse throughout the war.7
27th November 1914
Doctor Rose, Colin Heerle and, Ernest Percy Bicknell of the Rockefeller Foundation War Relief Commission embark for Flushing.8
6A Roll of Honor of Harvard Men Who Have Given Their Lives For Liberty and Democracy in the War Against Germany
7Liege on the line of March, Glenna Lindsey Bigelow, John Lane Company 1918.
8In War’s Wake, 1914-1915; the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Red Cross Join in Civilian Relief by Ernest Percy Bicknell. Hathi Trust Digital Library online 12/01/2019.
Born in Valley City, North Dakota. killed in the Air Raid 25th May 1917
The husband of Letitia M Ramsdell, Brooklyn New York.
Son of Norman and Sally Bates of Arkansas. Served in Mexico, presumably with the US Army. Married and lived with his wife in Vancouver. After his enlistment his wife moved to North Wales.
An American Eagle of the First World War. lots of references to the Americans who flew in the Lafayette Escadrille, few for those who flew with the RAF during the war. Born in the US Virgin Islands. Died in an accident while flying a Bristol F2b.
Scarce heard among the guns. (Blogs about WW1) 